Hadrons are defined as strongly interacting composite particles. The preon was a suggested substructure for both quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but disproven their existence. Tachyon is a generic name for hypothetical particles that travel faster than the speed of light and have an imaginary rest mass. Magnetic monopole is a generic name for particles with non-zero magnetic charge. Mirror particles are predicted by theories that restore Parity symmetry. The Majoron is predicted to understand neutrino masses by the seesaw mechanism.The X and Y bosons are predicted by GUT theories to be heavier equivalents of the W and Z.The axino and saxion form together with the axion a supermultiplet in supersymmetric extensions of Peccei-Quinn theory.The axion (spin-0) is a pseudoscalar particle introduced in Peccei-Quinn theory to solve the strong-CP problem.The graviscalar (spin-0) and graviphoton (spin-1).The graviton (spin-2) has been proposed to mediate gravity in theories of quantum gravity.The Higgs (spin-0) has been proposed to explain the origin of mass by the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the SU(2) gauge symmetry.Other theories predict the existence of additional bosons: The stop squark (superpartner of the top quark) is thought to have a low mass and is often the subject of experimental searches. Sleptons and squarks (spin-0) are the supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model fermions.Sterile neutrinos are introduced by many extensions to the Standard Model, and may be needed to explain the LSND results.The partners of charged bosons are called charginos. It is a leading candidate for dark matter. The neutralino (spin-½) is a superposition of the superpartners of several neutral Standard Model particles.The gravitino (spin- 3⁄ 2) is the superpartner of the graviton boson in supergravity theories.The gluino (spin-½) is the superpartner of the gluon.The photino (spin-½) is the superpartner of the photon.Supersymmetric theories predict the existence of more particles, none of which have been confirmed experimentally as of 2007: Assuming that the Higgs boson exists, it is expected to be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator under construction at CERN. It is also the only Standard Model particle not yet observed note that the graviton is not a standard model particle. It should be noted that in some theories, the Higgs mechanism, which explains the origin of mass, does not require the existence of a Higgs boson. Following a process known as the Higgs mechanism, the Higgs boson, and the other fermions in the Standard Model acquire mass via spontaneous symmetry breaking of the SU(2) gauge symmetry. The Higgs boson (spin-0) is necessitated by electroweak theory primarily to explain the origin of particle masses. According to the Standard Model (and string theory, in the case of the graviton) the elementary bosons are: The fundamental forces of nature are mediated by gauge bosons, and mass is hypothesized to be created by the Higgs boson.
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